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Showing 20 results · Page 4 for “linux”. More results are available below.
Linux+ · System Management
Each file has three permission sets for owner, group and others, and each set sums read (4), write (2) and execute (1). So 640 is rw for the owner, r for the group and nothing for others; 75…
Linux+ · System Management
The ip command from iproute2 inspects and changes networking live: ip addr shows addresses, ip link shows interfaces, ip route shows the routing table, and ip addr add assigns an address unt…
Linux+ · System Management
Processes are controlled with signals sent by kill, pkill or killall. SIGTERM (15) is the default and asks the process to shut down cleanly; well-behaved daemons flush data and exit. SIGKILL…
Linux+ · System Management
Power-on firmware (BIOS or UEFI) locates the bootloader. GRUB2 shows the menu and loads the kernel plus the initramfs, a small temporary root filesystem holding the drivers needed to reach t…
Linux+ · Security
sudo grants specific users the right to run specific commands as another user, usually root, without sharing the root password. Rules live in /etc/sudoers and drop-in files under /etc/sudoer…
Linux+ · Security
OpenSSH server settings live in /etc/ssh/sshd_config. The high-value changes are PasswordAuthentication no to force key-based logins, PermitRootLogin no so attackers must compromise a normal…
Linux+ · Security
SELinux adds mandatory access control on RHEL-family systems using labels called contexts on files, ports and processes. If a web server cannot read a file that has correct ownership and mod…
Linux+ · Security
firewalld manages netfilter rules through zones such as public and internal. firewall-cmd --add-port=8080/tcp changes the running configuration only; add --permanent to write it to disk, the…
Linux+ · Security
User accounts are defined in /etc/passwd with seven colon-separated fields: name, an x placeholder, UID, GID, comment, home directory and login shell. It is world-readable because many progr…
Linux+ · Security
The Linux audit framework records system calls and file access with user context in /var/log/audit/audit.log, and auditctl adds rules such as watching /etc/passwd for writes; ausearch and au…
Linux+ · Scripting, Containers, and Automation
Bash exposes state through special variables. $? is the exit status of the last command, 0 for success and non-zero for failure, and is the basis for if and && logic. $$ is the current shell…
Linux+ · Scripting, Containers, and Automation
A for loop iterates a list: for f in *.log; do echo "$f"; done. A while loop repeats while a test is true, commonly while read -r line; do ...; done < file. Tests use [ ] or [[ ]]: -f checks…
Linux+ · Scripting, Containers, and Automation
docker run creates and starts a container from an image; -d detaches it, -p 8080:80 maps host port 8080 to container port 80 in host-first order, --name labels it, and -v or --mount attaches…
Linux+ · Scripting, Containers, and Automation
A Dockerfile describes how to build one image layer by layer with FROM, RUN, COPY, ENV, EXPOSE and CMD or ENTRYPOINT. A docker-compose.yml describes how to run several containers together on…
Linux+ · Scripting, Containers, and Automation
Configuration management tools apply a desired state to many hosts. Ansible runs from a control node over SSH with no agent on targets, using YAML playbooks and an inventory file, which make…
Linux+ · Scripting, Containers, and Automation
git clone copies a repository; git status shows changed files; git add stages them and git commit -m records a snapshot. git branch and git checkout -b create and switch branches so work sta…
Linux+ · Troubleshooting
A No space left on device error with df -h showing free space usually means the filesystem has run out of inodes, the metadata entries each file needs. Millions of tiny files from mail queue…
Linux+ · Troubleshooting
Work up the stack. ip link shows whether the interface is up; ip addr shows whether it has an address, and 169.254.x.x means DHCP failed. ip route shows the default gateway; ping the gateway…
Linux+ · Troubleshooting
The load average in uptime and top is the number of processes running or waiting in an uninterruptible state, usually disk or network I/O, averaged over 1, 5 and 15 minutes. So high load wit…
Network+ · Network Troubleshooting
…y. ipconfig /all on Windows and ip addr or ifconfig on Linux show addresses, gateway and DNS; ipconfig /release and /renew refresh DHCP and /flushdns clears the resolver cache. arp -a shows …
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