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Showing 20 results · Page 2 for “cisco”. More results are available below.
CCIE-SP · Network protection
A network rule should express a justified communication path with the necessary source, destination, protocol and service. Segmentation limits how far a compromise can spread, but only when …
CCIE-WIRELESS · Network protection
A network rule should express a justified communication path with the necessary source, destination, protocol and service. Segmentation limits how far a compromise can spread, but only when …
CCIE-WIRELESS · Network troubleshooting
Network troubleshooting narrows the boundary between success and failure. Compare affected and unaffected devices, then examine link state, addressing, routes, name resolution and the applic…
CCIE-WIRELESS · Wireless security assessment
This concept review develops the reasoning needed for wireless security assessment. Start by identifying the relevant assets, permissions, evidence and trust boundaries. Distinguish what the…
CCNA · Network Fundamentals
To subnet fast, find the octet where the mask is not 255 or 0. Subtract that mask value from 256 and you get the block size. A mask of 255.255.255.192 gives 256 minus 192, which is 64, so su…
CCNA · Network Fundamentals
A switch builds its MAC address table by reading the source address of every frame that arrives on a port. It then forwards frames by looking up the destination address in that table. If the…
CCNA · Network Fundamentals
Every IPv6 interface automatically creates a link-local address in FE80::/10, usually built from the interface MAC via EUI-64 or a random value. It is mandatory, unroutable, and used for nei…
CCNA · Network Fundamentals
TCP opens a three-way handshake, numbers every byte, acknowledges receipt, retransmits losses and slows down under congestion. That reliability costs latency and header bytes. UDP does none …
CCNA · Network Fundamentals
Twisted-pair Ethernet, whether Cat 5e, Cat 6 or Cat 6a, is specified for 100 meters of channel length including patch cords. Beyond that, signal loss makes the link unreliable regardless of …
CCNA · Network Access
… on the native VLAN or traffic can leak between VLANs. Cisco best practice is to set trunks explicitly with switchport mode trunk rather than relying on DTP negotiation, and to move the nati…
CCNA · Network Access
Spanning Tree picks one root bridge per VLAN using the bridge ID, which is the priority followed by the MAC address. Lowest wins. Priorities default to 32768 plus the VLAN number, so with de…
CCNA · Network Access
PortFast tells a port to skip the listening and learning states and forward immediately, which is safe only when a single end host is attached. Without it, a freshly connected PC waits about…
CCNA · Network Access
… a channel forms if at least one side is active. PAgP, Cisco proprietary, uses desirable and auto; a channel forms if at least one side is desirable. Passive-passive and auto-auto never form…
CCNA · Network Access
In a Cisco controller-based wireless design, lightweight access points do not make policy decisions. They form a CAPWAP tunnel to the wireless LAN controller using UDP 5246 for control and U…
CCNA · IP Connectivity
When a packet arrives, the router looks for the most specific matching route first. A /24 beats a /16 for any address inside it, no matter which protocol supplied each route. Only when two r…
CCNA · IP Connectivity
Administrative distance is the trust rating a router assigns to each source of routing information, and lower is more trusted. Directly connected networks are 0, static routes are 1, EIGRP i…
CCNA · IP Connectivity
OSPF chooses paths by adding the cost of each outgoing interface along the route and picking the lowest total. Cost is calculated as reference bandwidth divided by interface bandwidth, and t…
CCNA · IP Connectivity
Two OSPF routers become neighbors only when their hellos agree on the area ID, hello and dead intervals, subnet mask on the shared segment, authentication settings and stub flags. Router IDs…
CCNA · IP Connectivity
On broadcast segments such as Ethernet, OSPF elects a designated router and a backup designated router so every router only forms a full adjacency with those two rather than with everyone. T…
CCNA · IP Connectivity
Hosts typically know a single default gateway, so if that router dies they are stranded even when another router sits on the same LAN. HSRP solves this by creating a virtual IP and a virtual…
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