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Showing 20 results · Page 12 for “sso”. More results are available below.

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CCNA · Network Access

PortFast for hosts, BPDU guard to keep them honest

PortFast tells a port to skip the listening and learning states and forward immediately, which is safe only when a single end host is attached. Without it, a freshly connected PC waits about…

CCNA · Network Access

LACP needs one active side, PAgP one desirable side

EtherChannel negotiation has two protocols. LACP, the IEEE standard, uses the modes active and passive; a channel forms if at least one side is active. PAgP, Cisco proprietary, uses desirabl…

CCNA · Network Access

CAPWAP tunnels AP traffic to the controller

In a Cisco controller-based wireless design, lightweight access points do not make policy decisions. They form a CAPWAP tunnel to the wireless LAN controller using UDP 5246 for control and U…

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CCNA · IP Connectivity

Longest prefix match beats administrative distance

When a packet arrives, the router looks for the most specific matching route first. A /24 beats a /16 for any address inside it, no matter which protocol supplied each route. Only when two r…

CCNA · IP Connectivity

AD ladder: connected 0, static 1, EIGRP 90, OSPF 110

Administrative distance is the trust rating a router assigns to each source of routing information, and lower is more trusted. Directly connected networks are 0, static routes are 1, EIGRP i…

CCNA · IP Connectivity

OSPF cost is reference bandwidth divided by link bandwidth

OSPF chooses paths by adding the cost of each outgoing interface along the route and picking the lowest total. Cost is calculated as reference bandwidth divided by interface bandwidth, and t…

CCNA · IP Connectivity

OSPF neighbors must match area, timers, subnet, auth

Two OSPF routers become neighbors only when their hellos agree on the area ID, hello and dead intervals, subnet mask on the shared segment, authentication settings and stub flags. Router IDs…

CCNA · IP Connectivity

The DR is the highest priority, then the highest router ID

On broadcast segments such as Ethernet, OSPF elects a designated router and a backup designated router so every router only forms a full adjacency with those two rather than with everyone. T…

CCNA · IP Connectivity

HSRP gives hosts one gateway address backed by two routers

Hosts typically know a single default gateway, so if that router dies they are stranded even when another router sits on the same LAN. HSRP solves this by creating a virtual IP and a virtual…

CCNA · IP Services

PAT shares one public IP by tracking source ports

Static NAT maps one private address to one public address permanently, which is what an internal server needs. Dynamic NAT hands out public addresses from a pool one at a time and runs dry w…

CCNA · IP Services

DHCP is DORA: Discover, Offer, Request, Acknowledge

A client with no address broadcasts a Discover, servers reply with an Offer, the client broadcasts a Request naming the offer it accepts, and the chosen server sends an Acknowledge with the …

CCNA · Security Fundamentals

Standard ACLs match source only; extended match more

A standard ACL, numbered 1 to 99 or 1300 to 1999, matches purely on source IP address, so it should be placed as close to the destination as possible to avoid blocking traffic that was heade…

CCNA · Security Fundamentals

Port security: protect drops, restrict logs, shutdown kills

Port security limits which MAC addresses may send on a switch port. When the limit is exceeded, the violation mode decides what happens. Protect silently drops frames from unknown addresses.…

CCNA · Security Fundamentals

DHCP snooping builds the table that DAI trusts

DHCP snooping divides switch ports into trusted, normally uplinks toward the real DHCP server, and untrusted, everything facing users. Server messages such as Offer and Ack arriving on untru…

CCNA · Security Fundamentals

WPA3 replaces the PSK handshake with SAE

WPA2-Personal derives the encryption key from a pre-shared key during a four-way handshake, and anyone who captures that handshake can attempt an offline dictionary attack against the passph…

CCNA · Automation and Programmability

SDN separates the control plane from the data plane

A traditional router runs its own control plane, calculating routes and building forwarding tables, and its own data plane that moves packets. Software-defined networking centralizes the con…

CCNA · Automation and Programmability

REST verbs map to CRUD: POST, GET, PUT or PATCH, DELETE

REST APIs expose resources at URLs and use HTTP methods to act on them. POST creates, GET reads, PUT replaces and PATCH partially updates, and DELETE removes. Responses carry status codes in…

CCNP-COLLAB · Network protection

Allow the required flow at the right boundary

…ul firewall tracks connection state and distinguishes associated return traffic.

CCNP-SEC · Network protection

Allow the required flow at the right boundary

…ul firewall tracks connection state and distinguishes associated return traffic.

CCNP-SP · Network protection

Allow the required flow at the right boundary

…ul firewall tracks connection state and distinguishes associated return traffic.